How to Skim For Main Ideas

Skimming is a speed reading strategy used as either a pre-reading technique to familiarize yourself with expository reading text before you read in depth or as an end in itself to quickly comprehend the essentials of a reading passage.

Textbooks

As a pre-reading technique, skimming helps to connect the text with any prior knowledge of the reader. Skimming also helps the reader to access the story schema so as to provide a referential context for the reading. In other words, skimming helps the reader to learn in advance what the gist of the reading passage is, while reminding the reader of any background information and knowledge of how the writing is organized that will assist the reader in understanding the text. Used as a pre-reading technique, skimming helps prepare the reader for further in-depth reading.

As an end in itself, skimming is a very practical and useful skill. As a speed reading technique, it saves time and allows the reader to get the flavor of a reading passage without all of the details. Skimming also permits broader reading, if time is a factor. For example, a reader can certainly skim many articles in the daily newspaper in the time that it might take to fully read a few. Many books can be skimmed for enjoyment or information now and then read later at a more leisurely rate

To skim, readers should first make use of the expository text clues and signposts for key ideas by previewing the reading passage. Textbooks usually provide important study helps that can build comprehension while skimming. The unit and chapter titles give information as to the overall focus of the reading passage. Many times, key chapter ideas are listed in bulleted form or as key questions. In social studies texts, timelines are often helpful. First paragraphs frequently provide an introduction of the chapter main ideas. Subtitles and bold print of key terms act as newspaper headlines to tell the "Who," "What," "Where," "When," and "Why" of the reading. Graphics, such as pictures, photographs, charts and drawings are particularly important to examine. Indeed, "a picture can be worth a thousand words." Sometimes a concluding paragraph(s) or summary will emphasize the key concepts. Use these expository text clues or signposts for effective skimming. This speed reading technique is well worth practicing to perfection.

How to Skim For Main Ideas

Thanks To : Totally Textbooks

Seton Homeschool Curriculum

Are you looking for a Catholic home school program? Consider Seton homeschool curriculum.

Textbooks

With so many homeschooling options available nowadays, it can be challenging to decide what will best meet your child's needs. Seton is an affordable, easy to use program for Catholic homeschoolers. It provides all of the materials and support a family needs to establish a solid foundation for its children by combining modern and traditional teaching techniques.

The school is named after Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, the founder of the American Catholic Schools. Seton's primary concern is the education of Catholic children.  Its foremost goal is helping children become and remain practicing Catholics. It abides by the statements found in The Christian Education of Youth, which influenced the school's mission and purpose, as stated in the school's guidelines.

Seton homeschool curriculum is all-inclusive. One low tuition fee covers everything, including textbooks, and grading essays and book reports. While some curriculum companies require you to purchase teacher and student materials separately, and may even charge an extra fee for grading and transcript services, Seton's one price and affordable tuition fee includes everything that your homeschooling child needs. It also includes standardized testing to effectively measure the student's progress. This service is essential for students who wish to attend college or eventually return to school.

Another great feature of Seton is that it includes counseling services for general home school questions and specific problems such as discipline issues, organizational challenges and academic concerns. Also, the school provides college guidance counseling for all Seton homeschool students who want to prepare for the SAT, ACT, and other college entrance exams.

Believing that education is man's preparation for what he must do for eternity, the Christian education offered by Seton homeschool places supreme importance on the individual's purpose in his family and in society.

As St. John Chrysostom have said, "what greater work is there than training the mind and forming the habits of the young?" The flexible learning programs offered by Seton homeschool curriculum are just one of the church's ways of living up to its duty to watch over the education of her children. 

Seton Homeschool Curriculum

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Inexpensive Textbooks - Here's How to Find Dirt Cheap Textbooks

Inexpensive textbooks might seem hard to find, but that's only if you don't know where to look. Text books can be extremely expensive, with some people spending over a thousand dollars per semester just trying to get their required texts for their courses. For many students, that's more money they don't have and don't want to spend--so what's the solution to this increasingly common problem?

Textbooks

One of your best options is to use a book search engine. These are great for a number of reasons and they can really help save you time and money like you wouldn't believe. A text book search engine will mainly help by taking your ISBN number, author name, title name or keyword and it will return results from the top online book vendors. Places like Amazon or Half.com--sites known for having great text book deals. A book search engine works better than just visiting each site separately since you can get the cheapest results from each site, and then purchase the book through the website that has the lowest price. This saves you time and money--big time.

Many students don't have the time or patience to go to each site online trying to find the best deal, that's why a text book search engine is definitely the best route to go for finding inexpensive textbooks. You can search multiple sites simultaneously and only go with the websites that have the lowest prices for you. This means you're guaranteed inexpensive textbooks and won't pay a cent more than you have to.

Inexpensive Textbooks - Here's How to Find Dirt Cheap Textbooks

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Guaranteed Used Textbook Buy Back - A Better Way

Guaranteed textbook buy back programs have sprung up all over, online and off. You just have to keep an eye open for the right books. You know what textbook buy back is - wait in line, offer the university cashier your used textbook and hope they give you something other than loose change for it. But now you can get guaranteed textbook buy back.

Textbooks

The store will tell you what they will pay you for your book when you buy it, and you avoid the problems of keeping a book you don't need after the class is finished.

Does This Work for Used Textbooks?

Even used textbooks can also be guaranteed. The department and the professors at your school have to using the book for a few years, then the store will offer a guarantee on that book. Online stores use a slightly different method, but the result is the same - if they see significant and continuing usage of the book, they can offer a guarantee for a used book, too.

The Numbers

This breakdown won't be perfect, but you will get an idea of how these programs work. When a college or an online bookstore offers a guaranteed textbook buy back on a new book, they will often promise you 50 percent of the book price you paid at the beginning of the class. Then, they will add half of that when they resell it used, a total of about 75 percent of your price.

Used textbooks will work similarly but with slightly different numbers. You may get a higher percentage for your used book, say two thirds of what you paid. If you have access to a guaranteed textbook buy back, you get a pretty good deal. You know which textbooks you can sell for something, you probably know how much, and you save time. Cool. You get cheap textbooks and cash back.

Online and On Campus Differences

Textbook buy back will be a bit different online and on campus. You will have to ship for an online bookstore, but not on campus. And you will have to wait for the online bookstore to acknowledge your books. On the other hand, an online store may have a wider variety of books with a guarantee. You may also be able to return the books earlier than at the bookstore. Also, I have seen online bookstores provide the postage for you, so you just drop it in the mail.

On the other hand, your on campus bookstore will be close by, no waiting for a check. They will give you cash, and hopefully the line will be short.

Both will decide if the books have been damaged before they pay - severe damage invalidates the guarantee. Don't drop it in a lake, or clip out the pages you like. Some wear is normal, some writing, some highlighting. You have to have all the pieces - all the pages, and any disks or student workbooks if included when you bought the book.

Go For It
You can't expect to get all your textbooks cheap. I managed to do it in several classes, and even made money on one book. But over a full term of classes or a year, you have to expect to spend some money. In those cases, the guaranteed textbook buy back fills the bill, and helps reduce your expenses.

Maybe you'll even have money for a First Run movie ticket - with popcorn!

Guaranteed Used Textbook Buy Back - A Better Way

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Save Money - Buy College Textbooks Online, Literally

Here's a tip for the broke college kid:  buy your textbooks online.  I'm not talking about the regular old way; I'm talking one chapter at a time delivered in .pdf format.

Textbooks

Why would you want a chapter at a time?  You get your syllabus at the beginning of the semester, which tells you the required chapters for the semester.  Just think about it -  how often do you actually go through an entire textbook?

I thought about buying the books, scanning the chapters I needed, then returning the books, but there's no way I would have manually scanned hundreds of pages.  Ebooks also came to mind, as they should be cheaper than a hard copy, so I went to looking.

Eventually I came across iChapters.com.  The thing I liked best is that they offer lots of books and you can purchase individual chapters!  My Math 190 textbook ran me 0 used at my local bookstore, and we were only using 8 chapters.  I looked on iChapters and compared the price of the individual chapters at .99 each-  a total of .92 for the 8 chapters I needed.  Purchasing only the chapters I needed saved me about 41% off the price of a used book at the local bookstore.

The chapters aren't some washed out, scanned POS .pdf's, they are actually high quality OCR scans, which means you can Ctrl+F and search the documents.  That's a godsend during homework and studying, much better than flipping aimlessly through pages.  iChapters also offer a free download of the first chapter of a book as  a preview.

However, there's one thing that I hate - the security of the .pdf.  If you want to access your material, you must login through the website and install (or authenticate through) their anti-piracy software.  You cannot open the .pdf's unless you have an internet connection, nor can you view the chapters and print them to a .pdf or .ps file.  I wish I could view the .pdf's offline without having to install any software, but that's just what they have to do to protect their content.

If you want to save LOTS of money, then buying only the chapters you need will definitely do so.  You might not find all your books on iChapters, but it's definitely worth it even if you can find just one.  The more money for pizza and beer, the better :)

Save Money - Buy College Textbooks Online, Literally

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Tips For Buying College Accounting Books

Before entering university, you will have to choose one specific major that has bright career prospects. Choosing a specific major also means that you have to pick the one that suits your interest and talent. If you are good at managing accounts, or if you always got picked as the class treasurer in high school, then you might want to be an accounting major. Accounting is a good career choice as the need for accountants is quite large. Thus, if you select this major, you will likely be successful in the future.

Textbooks

As we all know, going to college means that you need to have some textbooks for your reference and to guide you gain a better understanding of the lessons given in your classes. It is also the same with accounting. You will need some college accounting books that will help you master the trade. Certainly, your professors are going to recommend you to find several textbooks that will be used in their classes. Therefore, you better get prepared or else you will be left behind by your college mates.

There are several titles that you should probably have in order to master accounting. Some of the compulsory titles include College Accounting 1-12, Advanced Accounting, Financial Statement Analysis, Accounting Information System, and Management Accounting. However, when you are going to buy a textbook, you will need to make sure that you choose the right book. Check the name of the writer and the publisher of the book, because sometimes you will find two or more different books with the same title. Make sure the book is exactly what your professor has recommended.

Besides buying compulsory books, you might want to buy some complementary textbooks as well. Those books will be very helpful to expand your knowledge in accounting as it is a very vast field. You can go online and try to look for some important titles which are not suggested by your professors. There are many websites that provide book reviews which you would find very helpful. And the good thing about the reviews is that most of them mention the price of the book so that you can prepare your budget beforehand.

It is somehow a common knowledge that college textbooks can be very expensive. Most accounting books are indeed very pricey and if you don't choose them wisely, you might end up being broke. Therefore, you will need a strategy to get the books you want when you are on a limited budget. Online vendors usually offer many interesting offers or discounts for college textbooks. And the cool thing about buying from an online vendor is that the books will be delivered to your door immediately after purchase. Besides buying books online, you can also go to the local second hand bookstores. Used books are normally cheaper than the new ones, but you should know that most of them won't be in mint condition. As long as the book looks decent and the price is cheap enough, it is worth buying. After all, you need the knowledge and not the look.

Tips For Buying College Accounting Books

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Shelly Cashman Office 2007 Introductory Concepts and Techniques

The purpose of this article is to explain to college students why their computer science/information systems professor picked a Shelly Cashman textbook.  I have been using Shelly Cashman textbooks since 1994 when I first began teaching at the college level and have never really considered changing textbooks.  If I am tasked to prepare for a new course I look to see if Shelly Cashman has a text for the course.  These two successful authors have produced a wide range of textbooks.

Textbooks

The Office 2007 textbook offers a plan ahead section that encourages students to think about what they are trying to accomplish before they begin.  The idea behind this is to get students to see what they are trying to accomplish by doing the projects.  The text offers step by step instructions on how to complete the main project in each chapter.  The Shelly Cashman texts are always rich in screen shots making it possible for a student to do a great deal of learning without the benefit of a personal computer.  The authors also offer experimental steps a student can try.  This adds value to the Office 2007 learning experience.  Course Technology, the publisher of the outstanding Shelly Cashman texts also offers an outstanding website for students.  Your college instructor has made a wise decision in choosing the Shelly Cashman Office 2007 textbook.

In 1994 the Shelly Cashman Microsoft Office textbook costs less than .00.  Today the price of their text has gone up along with all other college textbooks.  The book will cost you more than 0.00 at your campus bookstore or you can look for a used copy at websites such as www.lessfortexts.com.  Regardless of where you buy your book just apply yourself and you can gain proficiency with the Microsoft Office 2007 product.

Shelly Cashman Office 2007 Introductory Concepts and Techniques

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Textbook Prices - One Nasty Reason They Are So High

College students are not generally associated with great wealth. Most are just getting by and eating a lot of Mac and cheese while they undertake their higher education. It is then very odd that the cost of textbooks for college are so expensive. The reason is why? The answers are many, but there is one nasty little reason that really drives the price high.

Textbooks

Let's say that you want to find a book to read for the pure joy of it, i.e. not a textbook! You might pop onto Amazon or go strolling through a local brick and mortar bookstore. As you browsed, you would have the ability to choose among the different authors, titles and subjects. Price is rarely a major issue because all the books are within a certain range of each other. If you found one that was priced at 0, you would not buy it. In fact, you would probably show it to other people in the store in amazement.

As every college student knows, textbooks can be in the hundreds of dollars. What is the big difference? Well, it is a very simple capitalism issue - choice. In our previous example, you could just choose whatever book you liked. If the price was to high, you simply could go with a different title that was reasonably priced. This is not the case with textbooks. If you want to take the course or are required to, you must buy the textbook in question. Given this, prices can be arbitrarily set.

Ah, but there is a variation of this theme that can make the problem doubly so. By their nature, professors publish papers as part of the tenure process. Many will actually provide works for part or all of textbooks since they tend to be recognized experts in the field. You can probably see where this is headed. More than a few professors will actually assign textbooks they either wrote or contributed to as the authority for the class in question. While the professor is not part of the publishing and pricing process, there is little doubt that he or she is getting royalties off the sale and the publishing company knows full well if the book is being assigned as part of a class requirement.

Textbook prices are unjustifiably high. Next semester, consider going with an alternative such as renting, buying used or using a digital textbook. You'll save a lot of money and aggravation.

Textbook Prices - One Nasty Reason They Are So High

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Alternatives To Buying Textbooks - Don't Buy It!

Before you throw your cash on the counter and buy your next huge and costly core textbook, ask yourself whether you have considered the alternatives to buying these tomes outright. These days there are a plethora of options open to the eagle eyed college student looking to save on expensive, and often mandatory, textbooks that they will ultimately only use for an intense exam period lasting a few weeks. Fortunately things really are changing in terms of avoiding the classic 'textbook' binge, and I don't just mean that library services have improved in the past few years.

Textbooks

Alternative 1. Library rental is certainly an option, but most of us will miss out on the good books because the early birds will have rented the books before us. You have to be up insanely early to get a hold of the textbooks that count, but if you feel you can manage this it's certainly an option. That being said, the library will always remain a core place to get your textbooks, but you just have to be smart about working the system to make sure you, rather than someone else, picks them up.

Alternative 2. Borrowing is another option, but this depends heavily on whether you can find someone who already has the books you need. This is generally contingent on them owning the same edition that you need for your course. You may find yourself in the awkward position of using a textbook that is outdated by a number of years- even if the changes are only minimal on the surface. Most of the time these new editions involve nothing more than cosmetic changes, but try arguing that with your Professor! As an alternative to buying textbooks it is all the same worth considering and you can add sharing to the mix here.

Alternative 3. Renting online - This is the latest and arguably the best option to emerge in recent years. Sites such as Chegg offer the chance to rent books and extend that rental for as long as you need the book. There are small things to keep in mind here, but in general the prices on offer from rental prices are clearly much cheaper than those on offer from physical campus book stores. You also have the benefit of knowing that the book will arrive when they promise, rather than being at the mercy of the library system, where a whole bunch of people will be chasing after you in order to get the book sent back. This is certainly something to consider seriously.

All in all we live at a time when the average college student is no longer at the complete and utter mercy of the bookstore owner, and there are definite options available to them. Principle among these are the good old fashioned library service from the University (or elsewhere if you are lucky), borrowing books from friends, family, or colleagues, and what I see as the best alternative to buying textbooks to be found today- renting the books online.

Alternatives To Buying Textbooks - Don't Buy It!

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PhD in Workforce Development Education

There's an increase demand for individuals with a PhD in Workforce Development Education. These individuals help management to provide training programs that maximizing the organization's productivity. A person with this training is an important component of any workplace.

Textbooks

This is one reason why a PhD in Workforce Development Education can jumpstart your career. You become an important person that helps the management team to make the workplace more productive.

Even if you're currently employed, you can attend night classes or opt for an online doctorate program. The latter is the preferred way to earn a doctorate degree these days because you can do so at the comforts of your own home. No need to go out of your home to attend lectures, pass your requirements or take exams.

When completing an online PhD program in Workforce Development Education, you are not pressured by time constraints. You can study at your own pace at home. There are no deadlines to beat. You can submit written requirements according to your schedule. Plus you can spend more quality time with your family even during the duration of the program.

Some online PhD programs in this field are cheaper than in regular universities or colleges. There are companies that reimburse their employers' tuition for PhD in Workforce Development Education. This makes it a viable way to boost your career.

Course work for PhD includes research methods and advanced quantitative statistics. It covers various fields such as adult literacy, adult education theory, vocational program development, and human resources development.

In a university, a PhD in this field requires a minimum of two consecutive semesters registered as a full-time student. It also requires the student to pass an examination, write a thesis, and pass the final oral examination or the dreaded defense.

PhD in Workforce Development Education

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Best Online Marketing Courses in Canada

The success of Internet business lies in the effectiveness of online marketing. Several business professionals and general people are taking up to the Internet business programs in Canada. Therefore, the increasing popularity and demand of such businesses have introduced several online marketing courses in Canada. These courses are based on newest techniques and best of strategies that can help the clients attain success in their online businesses.

Textbooks

Several universities and learning centers in Canada are providing these programs with complete knowledge of the strategies and ethics associated in these businesses. Take a look at the best of courses provided by the renowned universities in Canada.

Troy University- Includes a center for distance learning where the online marketing course is offered. The course deals with the scopes and opportunities across online marketing, allover Canada. The course provides the proper ideas about the diverse technologies and tools that create good impact on the strategies of online marketing.

Bellevue University- The marketing course provided by this university in Canada highlights the culture, nature and distinctiveness of the internet in order to assist in superior understanding, development and execution of marketing tactics. In addition to that, the course also offers knowledge on the software and hardware tools so that the clients can efficiently conduct development of product, pricing, commerce and marketing online.

University of Calgary Continuing Education- Here, training on marketing is conducted in more formal fashion. In a classroom setting, the students learn about the basic and advanced skill related with Internet marketing.

All these programs have one common objective, which is to teach the best method of website promotion by using the latest tools and strategies. The concept of Internet marketing in Canada is not new, but its effectiveness and usability have increased immensely. Nowadays, numerous people and business houses are interested to learn the effective skills of online marketing so that they can easily attain success by driving the maximum possible traffic to their websites and transform that traffic into sales. If you are interested to enroll into an online marketing course in Canada, then conduct appropriate research and select the best source.

Best Online Marketing Courses in Canada

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Why Watson's Little Albert Became the Most Distorted Study in the History of Psychology

Among all psychological studies, Little Albert study (article's URL is below), conducted by Dr. John B. Watson, APA (American Psychological Association) President, and Rosalie Rayner in 1920, is the most widely cited experiment in psychological textbooks. It is likely the most distorted and misrepresented psychological study as well, with numerous small and large mistakes found in general textbooks and more professional books written by prominent psychotherapists and leading psychology theorists. Dr. Ben Harris summarized some of these distortions in his article Whatever Happened to Little Albert? (B. Harris, 1979) published in the American Psychologist. He simply appealed to stick to facts as one may guess from the title.

Textbooks

The total number of published distortions can be measured by hundreds. What are their possible psychological causes? Why do most authors try to confuse their readers? Which real problems were and are still hidden in this study? Which conclusions do the psychologists try to avoid?

 While various details of the Little Albert experiment are scrupulously investigated, no study of authors' motivation was so far provided. What were the driving forces and reasons behind this monumental psychological experiment?

Scientists, as well as school pupils, are driven by their passion to find truth and solve certain problems. So called problem solving skills are among the key parameters of any person. Finding solutions to problems, after long search, is a cherished and exceptionally positive experience that serves as a driving force virtually for all truth-seekers. This observation also indicates that there is a certain element of pleasure (tension release?) in finding solutions. Then, when a certain fundamental problem is solved, the solution should bring relief not only to the authors but also for many other, related problems.

The original problem and its solution

Let us start the analysis with this simple question. What was the problem with little Albert at 9 to 11 months of age during the experiment? Before the study,

"He was on the whole stolid and unemotional...the infant was confronted suddenly and for the first time successively with a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, with masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc... Manipulation was the most usual reaction called out. At no time did this infant ever show fear in any situation. These experimental records were confirmed by the casual observations of the mother and hospital attendants. No one had ever seen him in a state of fear and rage. The infant practically never cried" (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

This Albert's personal problem was brilliantly solved by the President of American Psychological Association and his assistant. How? Albert developed lasting fear in relation to the rat, the rabbit, the dog, and the sealskin coat; a "negative" response to the mask and Watson's hair; and a mild response to the cotton. This amazing accomplishment was achieved by producing a loud sound behind Albert's back by striking a suspended steel bar with a hammer when the baby touched the rat or, later, noticed it.

The previously "boring" life of little Albert, who was an explorer, investigator, inventor, challenger, and discoverer (whatever we was confronted with, suddenly and for the first time, animals, masks with and without hair, and even burning newspapers, "manipulation was the most usual reaction called out"), after several conditionings, was enriched by the following new and fascinating responses when dealing with some objects:

"- jumped violently and fell forward, burying his face in the mattress;

- fell to right side and rested upon hands, with head turned away from rat;

- puckered face, whimpered and withdrew body sharply to the left;

- fell over immediately to right side and began to whimper;

- began to cry;

- turned sharply to the left, fell over on left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table;

- whimpered immediately, withdrew right hand and turned head and trunk away;

- leaned over to the left side as far away from the rat as possible, then fell over, getting up on all fours and scurrying away as rapidly as possible..." (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

Although Watson and Rayner knew one month in advance that Albert would be taken from the hospital, no de-conditioning was planned or executed.

Which other Albert's problems were solved?

Dozens of psychology textbooks claim that in the Little Albert study the authors tried to answer 3 questions: (1) Can an infant be conditioned to fear an animal that appears simultaneously with a loud, fear­ arousing sound? (2) Would such fear transfer to other animals or to inanimate objects? (3) How long would such fears persist?(e.g.: B. Harris, 1979)

Furthermore, as textbooks on psychology and more professional psychology books claim and assume, there were no other effects. (If there were some, the textbooks would definitely describe them.)

Would such an infant be also conditioned to accompanied smells, sounds, colours, weather, buildings, room shapes, objects that attracted his attention, people met before and after, clothes he worn, foods he ate, etc.? Obviously, yes. In my view, there is no such thing as "The infant was conditioned to fear fury objects" and nothing else happened.

Moreover, even Albert's relationship with the mother should be affected. How to check that? Imagine a study with the following design.

Choose 200 solid unemotional infants, with no fear at all ("No one had ever seen them in a state of fear and rage, the infants practically never cried", as in the 1920 study). Divide these cool explorers on 2 groups. Send 100 of them to experience the same what Albert got. Then compare these experimental infants with the control group who were in the crap-free environment. Later measure their eye contact with their mothers, proximity, somatic changes (heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response, etc.) before and after the experiments. What would be logical to expect?

If you are not convinced about the reality of the impact, think again about previously absolutely composed never-crying infants (discoverers and creators) who in the lab are to experience the following reactions for the first time in their lives:

"- the reaction was pronounced. Negative responses began at once. He leaned as far away from the animal as possible, whimpered, then burst into tears. When the rabbit was placed in contact with him he buried his face in the mattress, then got up on all fours and crawled away, crying as he went. This was a most convincing test.

- straightened up immediately, fell over to the opposite side and turned his head away. He then began to cry.

- withdrew immediately to the left side and began to fret. Coat put close to him on the left side, he turned immediately, began to cry and tried to crawl away on all fours.

- fell over to left side, got up on all fours and started to crawl away. On this occasion there was no crying, but strange to say, as he started away he began to gurgle and coo, even while leaning far over to the left side to avoid the rat.

- began to whimper, shaking head from side to side, holding hands as far away from the animal as possible.

- a violent negative reaction appeared. He began to whimper, turned to one side, fell over and started to get up on all fours.

- turned away but did not fall over. Cried. Hands moved as far away from the animal as possible. Whimpered as long as the dog was present" (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

Furthermore, measure and compare sleep and digestion parameters of 100 experimental and 100 control infants before and after the experiment. What would be logical to expect here?

When these infants grew up, one may continue measuring the somatic responses of experimental subjects by reading neutral words and words, which could associate with the study (names of the people involved, building, lab, street, university, city, state, etc.). Have anybody heard or seen people who run away from the city, state, or country they lived in for decades or years only because of some unresolved issue or past conflict?

Development of chronic conditions (diseases) can also be measured years later. Would Dr. Watson contribute in this area too?

Hence, there were many other Albert's problems which were successfully solved during this study. Indeed, it would be silly to expect that the new emotional reactions (crying, cooing, whimpering, sobbing, gurgling, running away, etc.) were exclusively confined to the walls of the laboratory, when seeing rats, rabbits, dogs, etc. and only on emotional level.

What was the likely real-life reason why the mother of Little Albert took him away from the "scientists" before the completion of the study?

What was the general outcome of the study?

What did Albert acquire, as a result of this experiment? If previously he could successfully deal with various stressful objects and animals, after the study this ability disappeared. Hence, the study affected his ability to cope with stress and this is the central parameter that defines, according to numerous dictionaries, psychological trauma. Therefore, little Albert got a psychological trauma.

How can the activities of the authors be defined?

Dr. Watson obviously had numerous choices which types of studies to conduct. He was not forced to scare the infant. He was driven, as any scientist, by the well known pleasure principle. Where did he find this pleasure?

Again, he took a cool and composed infant ("No one had ever seen him in a state of fear and rage") and generated the following reactions (these are again the phrases, different ones, from the original Watson and Rayner's study),

"Whimpered with arms held high, fell over backward and had to be caught.

Santa Claus mask. Withdrawal, gurgling, then slapped at it without touching. When his hand was forced to touch it, he whimpered and cried. His hand was forced to touch it two more times. He whimpered and cried on both tests. He finally cried at the mere visual stimulus of the mask.

Fur coat. Wrinkled his nose and withdrew both hands, drew back his whole body and began to whimper as the coat was put nearer. Again there was the strife between withdrawal and the tendency to manipulate. Reached tentatively with left hand but drew back before contact had been made. In moving his body to one side his hand accidentally touched the coat. He began to cry at once, nodding his head in a very peculiar manner (this reaction was an entirely new one).

The rat was then allowed to crawl against his chest. He first began to fret and then covered his eyes with both hands. (Watson & Rayner, 1920).

Dog. The dog was very active. Albert fixated it intensely for a few seconds, sitting very still. He began to cry"

We can infer from these reactions, that Dr. Watson, the leader of the study, derived pleasure by producing fear or inflicting cruelty on the previously fear-free infant. Many popular dictionaries say that sadism is pleasure derived from inflicting cruelty on another person. It is not important that Dr. Watson was the President of the APA. He could be super Honorable President of whatever organization; he could have support and encouragement of hundreds other Presidents; he could have ultra rewards and medals of many other organization and Universities. This study could be done in the name of science or for private entertainment of national security agents, or whatever else. None of these facts changes the nature of what was practically done and how it should be labelled.

Note that I do not claim that Dr. Watson was a pathological sadist. Four years later, with Dr. Watson's advice, Mary Cover Jones, his associate, desensitized a three-year-old boy who was scared of rabbits.  She paired the rabbit with a pleasurable activity and the child's fear gradually disappeared (Jones, 1924).

Should he be a pathological sadist, he would never be hired to work in the John Hopkins University and he would never be selected to be the President of the APA. His sadism was masqueraded as "scientific work" making it much worse: socially aggressive and insidious due to behavioural confidence, combined with ugliness, of the authors.

Authors' mindset and their vision of human potentials

By understanding Little Albert's world, we can better see the place and meaning of this experiment in the life of this infant. When Little Albert plaid at home, he had no fear, his main reaction to new objects, as it was noticed above, was to manipulate. He investigated and explored new objects and phenomena. When he went to day care, it was the same, he was a truth-seeker and discoverer, as Nature selected human beings. If he visited his aunt, again he was provided with conditions for his further investigations and studies. When he visited other places, it was again the same fear-free and reasonable exploration of the world. However, when he visited Dr. Watson's lab, day after day, there were bangs and clangs, his stress, crying, avoidance, neuroses, paranoia, etc. Obviously, the kid should love and get thrilled about these "scientists", their place, and everything that related to it.

As mentioned above, it is only in the overexcited minds of the scientists, where the silly idea "the infant was conditioned to fear fury animals" could exist. Probably, this idea produced a fantasy of their superiority and grandiosity. They could make a fearless Albert to afraid some objects! They imagined that they were like free artists who could take an infant and create some graffiti-type design in his clear and fear-free mind and, thus, modify his behaviour, while hiding in the background. However, the reality happened to be more complex and this testifies about limited abstract abilities and poor logic of Watson and Rayner, who could not grasp the world of less than 1 year old infant.

Most likely, Dr. Watson realized that he could add nothing new and positive to Little Albert's life and abilities to explore the world. (Obviously, Albert could and would easily go on with his life and world exploration without this "study".) Indeed, the psychologist could teach Albert some new and useful life skills. Instead, Dr. Watson decided to scare the infant by sudden noises, while hiding behind him. These observations testify about Dr. Watson's bravery and his vision of his own (limited?) potentials and abilities.

Final remarks

It is clear from the previous discussion that Dr. Watson and Rayner, together with modern psychology textbooks authors, failed to understand all ramifications of the experiment. They were simply in the state of confusion and could not get even a simple conditioning in its full flavour. The state of foolishness in modern psychology is even more obvious from the fact that in 1957 the American Psychological Association awarded Dr. John Watson the gold medal for his "contributions" to the field of psychology.

In his 1930's book Behaviorism, Dr. Watson made even a more grandiose and famous claim, "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors" (Watson, 1930).

Now we know why Dr. Watson was asking about "healthy infants" (or infants who were originally explorers, discoverer, and inventors) and which type of people will be produced by his method. We also know which conclusions psychology textbooks' authors have been trying to avoid, consciously or, more likely, subconsciously, for decades, by making distortions about this famous experiment.  

References

Harris, B., Whatever Happened to Little Albert? American Psychologist, 1979. 34, 2, pp. 151-160*.

Jones, C. M., A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 1924, 31, pp. 308-315*.

Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R., Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1920, 3, 114-120*.

Watson, John B. Behaviorism. University of Chicago Press, 1930.

*Full texts of first three articles can be found and freely downloaded from the world wide web.

Why Watson's Little Albert Became the Most Distorted Study in the History of Psychology

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Where To Sell Back Textbooks For The Most Money

The end of the college semester is rapidly approaching, and students have more to think about than just final exams. They have to think about where they will sell back their textbooks. There are a number of options available for college students when it comes to making money on their books. Here's a list of suggestions on how to get the most cash back for your textbooks.

Textbooks

1. The College Bookstore
The college bookstore is where most students sell back their textbooks. They wait in lines, have their books examined, and they are paid on the spot for their books. The college bookstore will only give good buyback prices on books that are being used during the next semester. If the book is not being used the next semester, then chances are they will not be buying it back, or they will offer a low buyback price. During exam week, complaints about textbook buyback prices at the college bookstore can be heard around campus.

2. Find Someone Who Will Take The Same Class
If you know of someone who is looking to take the same class you just completed, see if they will buy your textbook. Chances are they will be interested in purchasing your textbook for a fair price. You will get cash for your book, and your fellow student will save money.

3. Sell Textbooks Online
A recent trend in making money back on textbooks is to sell them back online to websites such as MyBookCart.com. Instead of waiting in a college bookstore line, students can get quotes for their textbooks right on their computer. It provides a good comparison tool between the college bookstore and the online buyback site. If the students are happy with their buyback quote, they can ship the textbooks back for free. Payment is made by check or PayPal.

4. Check The College Boards
Some colleges have online college boards where you can list textbooks you are looking to sell. One of your fellow students may see your ad and want to purchase your books. Since you both go to the same school, you don't have to ship the book. Just find a place to meet and make the transaction.

5. Craigslist
Trying listing your textbooks on Craigslist. Listings are by local area, so the interested party would probably drive to your campus to pick up the textbook they are interested in purchasing. Craigslist doesn't charge a fee to make a listing. You just have to field questions by e-mail about your books.

There are numerous ways for college students to resell their textbooks for money. The best option would be to try a few different methods and see which one gives the best buyback price for your textbooks.

Where To Sell Back Textbooks For The Most Money

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Advantages of Traditional Textbooks

Online and electronic textbooks for college courses are becoming more common every year. While these do serve to satisfy some of the demands of 21st Century learners, it remains true that traditional paperbacks and hardbacks possess some strong advantages over e-texts. Students who are serious about learning as much as possible and achieving high grades would be wise to take these issues into account when making a text purchasing decision.

Textbooks

Compatibility

Electronic texts by their very nature raise compatibility issues. Users must be certain to purchase books in the correct format and version for their computer operating system and reader software. Even when great care is taken, Digital Rights Management (DRM) can interfere with a student's ability to use the text he or she has legitimately purchased. A commonly reported problem, for example, concerns software updates. A student whose e-text was working well yesterday may find that it is incompatible with an upgraded version of reader software. This is more than annoying and inconvenient. It can mean that a vital textbook is unavailable at key times during the semester. Instead of studying, the student will be on the phone to customer service. Students who purchase or rent traditional textbooks will not have these problems.

Personalization

Many students benefit by the ability to write in their textbooks, making notations in the margins, drawing arrows to connect related information, and jotting down things they do not yet fully understand. Because of the nature of paper and pencil, these notations will be permanent unless the user makes a deliberate effort to erase them.

This is not the case with electronic books. Some e-reader programs do not allow annotations at all. Others include some tools to provide these functions, but due to software failures, user-created marks may not be there the next time the program is opened. Even when no malfunctions occur, some students may find that electronic annotations are less satisfying than the pen-based kind. There is something inherently powerful about underlining a passage word by word while reading it. Clicking and dragging to make the mark does not have the same effect. Particularly for visual learners, paper-based textbooks are the more reasonable option.

Shared Study

Lastly, classmates can borrow a traditional textbook far more readily than your e-text. Lending a book means only handing it over. Lending an e-text means giving up a computer or e-reader for an extended time. Most students would be reluctant to do this, particularly if it also requires giving a classmate access passwords.

For all these reasons, book rental or purchase is preferable to the use of electronic texts.

Advantages of Traditional Textbooks

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Trademark International Class - Class 16 (Paper Goods and Printed Matter)

All goods or services are categorized within International Classes (IC hereafter). Goods run from classes IC 1-34, while Services are in IC 35-45. Let's take a closer look at one of these trademark classes - class 16.

Textbooks

What is International Class 16 All About?

Each class has a short title heading that gives a snapshot of what that class is all about -- IC 16's short title is paper goods and printed matter. But, as with anything trademark, there's more to it than that.

Anything that's made of paper or is printed is in IC 16, which includes things like posters, journals, greeting cards, art prints, magazines, books, calendars and on and on.

What about Book Titles?

This is a caveat worth exploring a bit. Titles of a single creative work are not protected by trademark law; however, trademark registration may be possible if the title is used on a series of creative works. Let's delve into this a bit further.

Single creative works consist of materials where the content does not change, such as a book, a DVD, downloadable songs and a film. Single creative works do not include periodically issued publications, such as magazines, newsletters, brochures, comic books, comic strips or printed classroom materials, because the content of these works change with each issue.

When it comes to titles for a book series, the rationale is the same. While the title stays the same, the content changes. Take a look at the filing for Ring of Fates, part of The Final Fantasy catalog: "a series of books featuring fictional stories and/or fantasy stories."

What Else is in International Class 16?

The USPTO has 1515 accepted descriptions that fit into IC 16; check them out here.

Seems like with any of these trademark classes, there always seems to be the oddball item or two and IC 16 is no exception. Here are a few items living in IC 16 that seem to be a bit off kilter:

o cd shredders for home or office use
o globes
o cosmetic pencil sharpeners and removing paper
o money clips

Trademark International Class - Class 16 (Paper Goods and Printed Matter)

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Save on College Textbooks

Last minute cookouts and three-day-weekends are signaling the end of summer, and many college students are making the dreaded trek back to campus. Moving in, meeting the roommates and deciphering one's new schedule are enough tasks to handle for any student. When expenses like college textbooks and meal plans are tacked on, the new school year is enough to make any student want to run back to mom and dad's.

Textbooks

However, cutting costs doesn't have to be too painful. Before you get images of semester long Ramen-noodle dinners in your head, there are ways to save your cash, such as utilizing college textbook services. The average college student spends around 0-,000 a year, according to a Student Financial Assistance Advisory Committee report. While this may be the norm for university-level textbooks, students and parents alike must deal with the financial aftermath.

College textbook services like eCampus provide free shipping if you spend around on their site, reports 6StarReviews.com. Besides offering virtual campus bookstores and massive clearance sections, this service allows students to resell their used textbooks to other students who may need a particular title. This not only saves the buyer some cash, it gives the seller a chance to redeem a few bucks on last semester's books.

When it feels like endless piles of bills are stacking up on your dorm room desk, the last thing on your mind is studying. Inevitable nights out on the town and living independently contribute to the estimated billion a year spent on entertainment by college enrollees. When textbook costs alone are added into this equation, the burden placed on any student can be heavy. Using a college textbook service will prove to be cost-efficient in the long run and will even save you from that long line down at the bookstore.

Save on College Textbooks

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Medical Textbooks

Medical textbooks can get expensive. There are a few ways you can save money on the next set of textbooks you have to buy. Here are some ways to get them cheaper than you might think.

Textbooks

Look For Used Medical Textbooks Online - Used textbooks will usually save you 25-75% off the full price of the book. Some books are difficult to find used. But, if you can find the book used somewhere, you will save money right off the bat.

Check With The Major Booksellers Online, But in The Used Section - Many people who shop for books online with the major booksellers, don't pay attention to the fact that they can buy the same book used, just by clicking on another area of the page where the booksellers offer the book used. The book will then be shipped from a separate bookseller, but you can usually complete your transaction with the major bookseller.

Sell Your Existing Books To Pay For It - Make sure you have sold all the books you already have to pay for the upcoming medical books you will need.

Check Online Auctions - Sometimes if you win an auction for a used textbook online, you can save yourself even more than if you were to buy the book at the going price for used books.

See If Anyone Wants to Trade - Post an ad on a popular classified ad site, offering your existing books up for trade for the books you need. You might be surprised to find that you get some takers.

Medical Textbooks

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Make Your Schedule Before Exams Start

Getting some tips for college exams can go a very long way in ensuring that you get the very best from your college experience. Take a look at all the different options as well as study materials that can go a very long way in giving you the best advice when it comes to studying.

Textbooks

-First of all, do not put off studying till the last moment. That is undoubtedly a recipe for disaster. If you cram everything in the last week before your exams then chances are that you will be struggling more than usual when it comes to your tests.

-Keep time for yourself to unwind after you have done all the relevant amount of work. You need to keep cool and calm. Of course, this does not mean that you will drink and party till the wee hours of dawn, just before the exam. So find out how you can unwind, feel good and also retain study material in your head at all times.

-Plan a specific study schedule before the exams. If you are a compulsive planner, then you probably know the benefits of organizing and knowing how this can be extremely useful, to say the very least. The proper process of planning can go a long way in helping you before exams.

These different factors all combine to ensure that you do well on your exams. When you have struggled a lot to get into a college of your choice, then you must sustain your efforts properly. This is extremely important because it helps in the overall process of ensuring that your efforts bear fruit. Giving an exam is an art in itself which you need to master. It requires you to plan, stay steady and be extremely focused when it comes to giving a proper exam. So make the best of your time in college with these tips and advice.

Make Your Schedule Before Exams Start

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Why Rent Textbooks?

Why should one buy textbooks? This is the question so many students ask themselves these days. New textbooks not only cost so much, but they are also obsolete when the term is over. No one wants to use these books any more. Therefore, people have to find someone who can take these books from them. That is why, it is not worth to invest in new books if do not plan to use them in pursuing postgraduate studies. However, there are many advantages of having personal textbooks.

Textbooks

The first one is that you do not need to borrow books from someone when reports ought to be prepared. A person can always be on top of the class when he/she has his own textbook. He/she can even get excellent scores in quizzes. He/she can use the book as and when required rather than asking for it for someone college mate. There is no foolish reasoning as that you study so rarely, then why have a textbook. Renting a book is fine when you study just once in a year, during exams. In fact, so many students cannot actually get books for themselves. They cannot get money for these books and renting books seems fine to them.

Companies who sell these books desire to provide students with them. The companies want students to complete their education without any obstacles. Students have also realized that buying books is a necessity. You cannot learn much when you are not prepared to read. Just getting notes from someone at the end of the term to prepare the report is not the most desirable thing. Sometimes, not reading can reflect poorly on your grades when the report is not as detailed as it should be. You can become an intelligent kid in your class because you can study in your spare time, often enabling you to get ahead of the others.

Why Rent Textbooks?

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Textbooks for Civil Engineering Courses

Civil engineering is a major discipline within the field of engineering that is composed of a variety of sub-disciplines and other components. The courses required for a degree in this subject range widely and can include many other engineering types, such as coastal, construction, environmental, hydraulic, municipal, urban, structural, surveying and transportation.

Textbooks

For all of these, students need specialized textbooks at the college level. Each course requires at least one appropriate accompanying text, typically selected by the course instructor. Many of these books have been used for years and are subsequently updated and republished as new editions, sometimes on an annual basis.

To give an example, a bachelor's degree in civil engineering can take four years to earn at a college/university with an engineering program and includes a heavy course load of within-major classes, like those briefly mentioned above. Each course may require one or more textbooks, including workbooks and manuals needed for the more hands-on aspects of such a program. The instructor may wish to use only the seventh edition of a textbook for his/her course.

University bookstores frequently run out of textbooks of the appropriate year or edition for a given course, leaving a few students to scramble each semester. These students can wait for the campus stores to reorder; however, they may miss important assignments or be unable to participate actively in their courses while waiting for the shipment to arrive, potentially falling behind in the class or even earning poorer grades than their classmates who were able to find necessary materials.

Ordering from a reputable online vendor can circumvent this issue, especially with the availability of convenient next-day shipping, even during the busiest week of the semester. Students are able to take some of the guesswork and stress out of their degree by building a relationship with a online textbook retailer that meets their expectations. At one of these, they can find their exact used textbooks and required editions online and have them shipped directly to them without any of the worries or hassles generated by the school's overwhelmed bookstore. This is especially useful for civil Engineering students whose textbooks are often wrongly ordered by the brick and bookstores.

Additionally, many online stores offer textbook rentals for students on a budget or buyback programs that compare competitively with local or university bookstores with these programs. Many students, however, choose to keep a considerable number of their engineering books for future use in their careers or to display in their first post-graduation office at an engineering firm or other employer.

Textbooks for Civil Engineering Courses

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Where to Find Used Textbooks

If you are in a slump and a bit depressed because you checked on the books you need for your classes and the total bill is about 0, you can help yourself find a better deal by purchasing a used textbook.

Textbooks

Many students today have entered the used textbook market because they can often find their books for half the cost as they would find them new. Many students get rid of their books at the end of each semester which makes them available to students who haven't taken the class yet. Students from all over the world are selling their books back.

When you are looking for your textbooks there are two places to start for used textbooks - the college bookstore and any college bulletin board. The bookstore will give a percentage of the total cost back to the student depending on when they return the book. The primary factor that governs the amount of money that the bookstore gives back is whether the professor is going to use the same book for the next semester. Often, professors change the editions and the student looses.

Students who sell used textbooks on bulletin boards can be assured of getting a fair price for their book and the edition may not matter as long as it's not too old. So, both of these suggestions are good for students.

All professors accept a used textbook as long as it is the same edition that they have requested. They usually won't give you credit if you have the wrong textbook and give the wrong answers on the test because of it.

One other thing to think about when purchasing a used textbook is that some come with supplements. For instance, they may come with a CD, charts or study guides and often these are missing from used copies. Check your syllabus to see whether your professor has made specific assignments from any of these materials. If they have, you will need to make sure the used copy includes these other pieces.

There are thousands of bookstores online that also sell used textbooks. You can do a search for "used textbooks" or "how to buy used textbooks" and you will be overwhelmed by all the opportunities. The best thing to do is compare the prices in each to see your best option.

Something to think about when you are purchasing used textbooks is the amount of damage that you can handle. Some books will be tattered, some will have highlighting and some will look like they have never been used. Of course, the better the condition, the more the cost, but you can still get a discount on these.

Once you have purchased your books, think about selling them back to the same store or another one at the end of the semester. This way you can make a profit at both ends.

Where to Find Used Textbooks

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The True Cost of Textbooks

We all know that textbook costs are increasing on campuses, and the distance between the price offered for a textbook via the buyback price and what that book is then sold to another student at is growing. However, there are two factors that many do not consider when purchasing a textbook.

Textbooks

The first is the actual cost of the textbook. For most students, when they buy a new book, they are spending an immediate 0 - 0 (sometimes less or more - I have seen some books as high as 00). This is an immediate cost to the student, but when you consider, if that money was used for something else, there is an opportunity cost. A student who buys 5 books in a semester could easily spend 0 to 00.

For the average student, working part time, earning (an above average wage of per hour), this means that the student will net 0 per week, or 0 per month. However, after taxes (in most areas), the student will bring in 0 - 0 per month. Therefore, the cost of textbooks - in the immediate sense - is almost two months of wages. This means, that if a student could avoid the costs of these textbooks, they would be able to in essence not work for two months and focus on school.

For most students however, they do not have access to this kind of money, and many students choose (even if working) to finance their textbooks with student loans. The problem with financing textbooks with student loans, is that these book costs have to be repaid in the future. When you repay student loans, the student is in effect repaying up to three or four times the purchase price of the books. Meaning, that a 0 book actually costs the student 0, and a 0 book actually costs up to 0!

On average a student takes about 44 classes to graduate, necessitating a minimum of 1 textbook for class, or 44 books. This means the student pays ,400 to ,800 on textbooks. If financed with student loans, the student will actually pay ,200 to ,400 for textbooks while in college!

Of course, this does not take into consideration the opportunity costs of the book, the lower grades a student receives while working in college, or the stress of being broke, or the investments that a student could make with this money (if it weren't spent on books), or just having money to "blow off steam".

The second factor to consider with textbooks is the environmental cost. Textbooks are printed on paper, and when using basic averages (computed at eHow Facts.com ), it is figured that a campus with 10,000 students has the equivalent of 1,680 worth of trees being carried around in their backpacks. Given the ever decreasing "shelf life" of the average textbook - the life before a new edition is released and required for purchase - the amount of new trees required to be cut down to fill this demand is depleting our natural resources.

Students can also swap their textbooks using a website that will allow them to meet up and exchange their books using the company's patent-pending software.

The True Cost of Textbooks

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Cheap Gold Bars

One thing that may not be easy for a gold investor is finding where to get cheap gold bars online. There are numerous methods that a buyer can implement that will make the process of finding where to get cheaper gold online simpler. One thing a buyer can implement that will make the process of finding where to get cheaper gold online simpler is having information on gold's spot price. By knowing gold's current spot price it can give an investor a rough estimate of the going rate of a particular bar. The prices of gold bars are greatly influenced by gold's spot price compared to other forms of bullion.

Textbooks

One other thing a buyer can implement that will make the process of finding where to get cheap gold bars online simpler is researching multiple dealers' prices of a particular bar. When comparing prices it is important for a buyer to factor in any extra costs. Some extra cost an investor should factor in is insurance, shipping and minimum order amounts if any. One other thing that is recommended to research is the reputation of the online dealers. By researching the reputation of online dealers an investor will have an idea on what to expect. It is recommended that a buyer only deal with businesses with good reputations.

One last thing a buyer can implement that will make the process of finding where to get cheap gold bars online simpler, is having information on the size, the name and how much money they're looking to spend on a specific bar. By having information on the different sizes and the fair market rate of a bar, it will spare a buyer from the mistake of buying the wrong size or paying too much for a specific bar. Finding where to get cheap gold bars can be a difficult process. With the tips uncovered here, this task can become a simpler one.

Cheap Gold Bars

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Modern Architecture

Modern architecture is a style found in the buildings that have simple form without any ornamental structures to them. This style of architecture first came up around 1900. By 1940, modern architecture was identified as an international style and became the dominant way to build for many decades in the 20th century. Modern architects apply scientific and analytical methods to design.

Textbooks

Many historians relate the origins of this style of architecture to the social and political revolution of the time, though others see modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments. The availability of new materials such as iron, steel, concrete, and glass brought about new building techniques as part of the industrial revolution. Some regard modern architecture as a reaction against ancient building style. Above all, it is widely accepted as a matter of taste.

For the international style, the most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports. The floor plans are functional and logical. But, many people are not fond of the modern style. They find its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometrical designs quite inhumane. They think this universal style is sterile, elitist, and lacks meaning.

Modern architecture challenged traditional ideas about the types of structures suitable for architectural design. Only important civic buildings, aristocratic palaces, churches, and public institutions had long been the mainstay of architectural practices. But, modernist designers argued that architects should design everything that was necessary for society, even the most humble buildings.

Architects began to plan low-cost housing, railroad stations, factories, warehouses, and commercial spaces. In the first half of the 20th century, modern architects produced furniture, textiles, and wallpaper - as well as designing houses - to create a totally designed domestic environment. The aesthetics used by modern architects celebrated function in all forms of design, from household furnishings to massive ocean liners and new flying machines.

Modern architecture originated in the United States and Europe and spread across the rest of the world. The characteristic features that made modern architecture possible were buildings, stylistic movements, technology, and modern materials.

Modern Architecture

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Reading Textbooks Online - Where to Do it Quickly?

The price of hesitation is very difficult. Consider the case where a student to buy his book on political economy for several weeks. Their reasoning is that its a kind of feeling that his master was often not use textbooks. Unfortunately, his teacher was one day that all students sit for an exam next week, and you should read the manual. This drive to a bookstore and run, only to find that the book belowWarehouse.

Textbooks

If you were in that situation, like most students, what would you do? Obvious alternative is to contact Amazon - the largest online bookstore on the World Wide Web The most of the books listed on Amazon university access to the online version of the handbook may be for sale. While this may seem like an early election, yet the students have to spend a little money to buy it.

Another alternative to reading books online is always Google. The name of theprogram is called Google Scholar, which stores a wide array of scholarly materials ranging from books, journals to articles. This useful program may be located at scholar.google.com. While this may be a good place to read textbooks online, it should be noted that the entire textbook content is usually not available. Albeit available in a pinch, this program does offer some useful resources for students to prepare for their quizzes or even complete their assignments.

Reading Textbooks Online - Where to Do it Quickly?

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Future of Textbooks Seems Dim in Orange County CA Schools

The future of textbooks seems dim. More and more people are making the switch into buying, Nook and Kindles for their everyday readings. Instead of having to go to the book store, to search for their next read, wait in line to purchase it and then drive home they can simply tap the screen on their Kindle or Nook, search for what they want in the comfort of their own home and download it. This digital innovation was very popular to students hoping they would start selling textbooks through them and they did just that. California based CourseSmart started offering electronic textbooks in 2007.

Textbooks

According to them they have sold to many students in over 5,900 schools. Not only do the students not have to lug around thick, heavy textbooks, they have the opportunity to take their textbooks anywhere and get instant access to all of their textbooks in one device. This is changing the way we read. The eReaders are now designed to have a special screen that "looks" like paper, so that you don't get that feeling of staring at a bright computer screen all day. Arnold Swarzenegger, the governor of California said that they would be replacing some of the high school science and math texts with online versions. These would be accessible from eReaders and Online.

He is hoping by making the switch they could save hundreds of millions of dollars per year because of the low cost of digital textbooks compared to printed textbooks. William Habermehl, the superintendent of the 500,000 total students Orange County School District, believe that in five years time, most students will make the switch to using digital textbooks. Some people may argue that the opportunity to use digital textbooks are going to be limited to rich people, as the poor may not have the resources to purchase a Kindle or Nook and may not have online access at home to be able to view the digital textbooks from home to complete schoolwork. This will be the savior of printed textbooks because of the inaccessibility of the digital ones from students home who do not have Internet access at their home.

Students could go to the library and use their computers to access their online digital textbooks but schools can't require students to use online textbooks and force students to use online versions. They need to offer both and see where that takes them. Public schools from kindergarten throughout high school are required to offer free textbooks. By going digital, states can cut out a lot of cost from having to purchase printed textbooks and put their saved money into better programs for schools to help students further their education. They want to start implementing online classes for students who wish to get ahead and take an extra course from home, or for those who need the extra class credits in order to graduate. Either way students will benefit from having these online classes and online textbooks, making it all easier and lighter on their backpack.

Future of Textbooks Seems Dim in Orange County CA Schools

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Genki Textbooks Make Japanese a Breeze

The Genki Japanese textbook series are my personal favorite for first and second-year Japanese language textbooks. Many other very good textbooks have a flaw that isn't big but that can become a recurring nuisance. Not the case here--both Genki I and Genki II Japanese textbooks are clear and well-organized.

Textbooks

The exercise instructions aren't confusing. That's partly because they include some English instructions. Many textbooks try to "immerse" you by having instructions for class exercises all in Japanese. That's great in theory, but I've made a fool of myself far too many times because I didn't totally understand the instructions.

In the Genki Japanese textbooks, vocabulary sections are also clear and organized. Many books just throw a bunch of words on a page for you to sort out and memorize yourself. Here, they break up all the vocabulary into several types of verbs, as well as nouns and adjectives

Also very handy is the verb conjugation chart at the back of the book. If you've covered the material and just blanked out on how to change a verb around, it is incredibly handy.

One trick I've found with this book is after you've studied for a chapter kanji quiz, just go into the next reading passage you'll be doing and write down the kanji pronunciations next to all the kanji you just learned that show up in the reading. That way, when you are trying to understand the meaning of the passage in class, you don't have to fumble around trying to remember how to pronounce the kanji.

Last I checked, the Genki Japanese textbook series doesn't go beyond second year Japanese. That's unfortunate, because Genki I and Genki II make your first two years of learning Japanese easy and a pleasure to do.

Genki Textbooks Make Japanese a Breeze

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How to Read Textbooks With PQ RAR

Many of us remember the old stand-by: the SQ3R reading-study method. Designed to improve reading comprehension of textbooks, the SQ3R method did help the reader to read expository text differently than narrative text. However, this method sorely needs an update to connect with recent reading research regarding what techniques best improve comprehension and retention of expository-based textbooks.

Textbooks

Try the PQ RAR reading-study method as you read or teach your next textbook chapter.

P-First of all, preview the reading selection. Try to limit the reading selection to a manageable size. Overly long chapters, say over six pages for elementary students, eight for middle school students, twelve for high school students, and sixteen for college students should be "chunked" into manageable reading sections.

1. Preview the first and last paragraphs of the chapter and the chapter review, if one is provided.

2. Preview all subtitles and any book study helps at the beginning of the chapter.

3. Preview all graphics such as photographs, charts, maps, etc. and their captions.

Q-Secondly, make use of text-based questions to read textbooks effectively. Good questions produce good answers and significantly increase expository comprehension. Determining questions before reading provides a purpose for reading, that is-to find the answers as you read.

1. Develop questions from the subtitles and write these down on binder paper or on your computer, skipping lines between each question. Try "What," "How," and "Why" question-starters. Avoid the "Who" and "When" questions, as these tend to focus attention on the minor details of expository text.
2. Write down any chapter review questions not covered by your subtitle questions, skipping lines between each question.

R-Read the chapter and "talk to the text" by taking notes in the textbook margins. Use yellow stickies and paste them in the textbook margins, if you can't write in the textbook. Write down comments, questions, predictions, and connections to other parts of the reading and your own life experiences. List examples, key details, and important terms with their definitions. Internal monitoring of the author's train of thought and the connection to your own knowledge and experience increases comprehension as you read textbooks.

A-Answer both the subtitle questions and the book questions as you read. Write down your answers underneath your questions. Don't be concerned if the textbook did not answer some of your reader-generated questions.

R-Review the questions and answers within the next 24 hours to minimize the effects of the "forgetting cycle." Generate possible test questions and develop memory tricks for key concepts and details.

How to Read Textbooks With PQ RAR

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School Textbooks Quickly Becoming Obsolete As Kindles Storm the Market

The children of our generation are growing up with technology their grandparents probably never would have imagined at their age. Modern students are probably not able to picture life without a smart phone, high-speed Internet, High Definition (HD) Television or a Global Positioning System (GPS). And if some teachers have their way, students will add Kindles to their list of must-have technology for school.

Textbooks

Some schools have purchased Kindles for classroom use. But what's wrong with old-fashioned, printed textbooks? According to some of the teachers who are currently using Kindles, textbooks can be extremely limiting and are an inefficient way to distribute reading materials. These educators consider e-readers an "update" to not only books, but to libraries, as well. The electronic device addresses a problem common among school libraries -- low inventory of popular books. With e-readers, any number of students can access the same book at the same time, making a book shortage obsolete. In addition, textbooks are heavy, so Kindles substantially lighten the load in backpacks, automatically improving posture and reducing risks of back strain.

The Kindle DX, the best-selling e-reader device made by Amazon, has a 9.7-inch display screen, weighs just 18.9 ounces, and is only 1/3 inch thick. With a storage capacity of 3,500 electronic books, downloads available for .99, or less, and a 7-day to 3-week battery life, it's obvious how a Kindle, or similar e-reader, could be a useful and innovative tool for learning in the classroom.

It appears that more colleges than high schools have utilized Kindles -- with a little help from Amazon, who distributed its Kindle DX to seven American universities in the fall of 2009. At the time, many were excited about what the new technology might bring to education, and thought it just might mark the end of traditional textbook use in the classroom. Princeton University, one of the institutions participating in the program, approved the digitization of three courses that were delivered to the Kindles of participating students and instructors.

Yet some educators are not quite convinced that Kindles are superior to textbooks, citing concerns about the durability of the plastic tablets in the hands of K-12 students. Other teachers have opted for netbooks, because there is no output jack in the Kindle to allow for connecting it to an overhead projector for classroom text display.

But probably the most prohibitive concern K-12 educators have is the initial price of Kindles. Equipping each student, or even a class of students, with an expensive electronic device just isn't feasible for most school districts. While a smaller Kindle is available for 9 (which is still over many districts' price point), the Kindle DX, which is suitable for digital textbooks, sells for a whopping 9 on Amazon.com.

As for the pilot program hosted on college campuses last fall, the feedback Amazon received from students was less than favorable. They reported the Kindle DX was a "poor replacement for a textbook, hard to use in the classroom and difficult to navigate." In addition, the device doesn't lend itself for use by visually impaired or blind students.

While the Kindle and Kindle DX have received raved reviews from recreational readers who love how the device offers portability and ease for reading a favorite novel, magazine or newspaper, the e-reader doesn't appear to be ready to tackle the classroom -- at least not yet.

School Textbooks Quickly Becoming Obsolete As Kindles Storm the Market

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Learn to draw and paint - how and where to study for an artist

The answers can be very complex and confusing. Search the Web, "Art School" expression of choice for millions of people. If you on the Internet and Google (Research) to "learn to draw," you can choose from 4.88 million web pages (at least that's what I found when writing this article) choose. With "test, it is likely to be.

Textbooks

If you are "learning to paint" an Internet search using Google for web pages Google found 854 000 in light blue bar at the top of the page to "Google"logo.

There are degrees and degree-granting granting art schools, art schools and art classes with online courses. Some art classes offer non-degree "certificate of completion."

Find a course in the art of drawing and painting school, which suits to get their staffing needs, budget and time is a challenge.

Here is a list of some of these options:

Option 1: One way to learn drawing and painting is the art of going to school, college or university, such as Pratt Institute(Campus of Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York, USA, where he studied and taught at the time). Two questions for the relocation of many people and money. The Bachelor of Fine Arts at Pratt I started it more than $ 100,000.00 USD for the training program of four years costs. Of course, this item is available from the web to a worldwide audience considered. For art schools worldwide, there is a very good list of them at the Saatchi Gallery website, titled "The art schools all over the world:Universities, schools of fine arts in fashion and design. "Saatchi Page College Art Gallery in the URL is the link to the page in the resource box at the end of this article.

The list contains the Saatchi Gallery of the University I attended (Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, USA) and art schools in many countries around the world. Saatchi Gallery, List Art School with 57 pages with thousands of art schools in the list when this article wasWriting.

Option 2: Take an art class at the local level or in a private art school, a school, college or university. Of course, some places offer this option and the pedagogical skills of teachers are important when you get advice and see this masterpiece, you must sign before. You can Google these options, ask your neighbors, friends and teachers from schools in your area. You can also tips from the art club, if you're in your town. Some artistsoffers art classes for individuals or groups. I used a private group in the basement of my house to teach.

Option 3: Use a pencil drawing or simply start and oil paint and painting. This works for some people, like Grandma Moses (Anna Mary Robertson), who have learned to the age of 81 has color. See the article about him (Grandma Moses is the address listed in the Wikipedia article on left side of the box at the end of this article) in Wikipedia. Grandma Moses did notTraining in the arts and her paintings, which was originally at $ 5.00 to $ 10.00 price, now sells in the range of $ 10,000.00 to $ 60,000.00 dollars and the annual income is $ $ 500,000.00, said in 1950. Grandma Moses died in 1961 aged 101 years.

Option 4: Buy books on tape art and / or video on how to draw and paint on Amazon.com, Barnes and Noble online or at your local bookstore and become an artist. I once had a professor, he has a few weeks of learning the art school, saysBases (the end of the brush, etc) and paint 200 pictures and it is to be an artist. This works for some people.

Option 5: The online distance learning art students can attend classes on campus. Online courses offer flexibility technique that students study and practice of teaching, and when you're done. A couple of degrees and certificates from some leisure problem is completed. Some made step by step completely online, as students learn the followinglearn on your own. Other textbooks to send art students, art materials and lesson plans. The student reads the books of art and design best practices sessions and painting follows. Then the students to complete and send your design or painting attributed to school. A teacher at the school draws or colors associated with a review of comments for each picture with your e-mail to the student the student's work and criticism of the student.

Option 6: A new kind ofTo teach art school with an interactive Web site for drawing and painting.

A digital camera is included as a sign of the kit for each student with art books and art. Students who have their own digital camera, the cost of the camera, which is usually included in the course fees deducted. The student kit on to new members. Students work at home, reading books about art, and then practice the lesson of the work taskson your personal web folder on the school website.

The students take digital photos of their work for each lesson in class and send the photos as attachments to school.

The art teacher at the school art prints online, or the images of art criticism teaching students via e-mail with comments about how students could better understand the lessons in the textbooks line art mini-lessons learned and general partners. It is painted or drawnCriticism of the work presented to each student is written on the school website to view personal service-to-do-it-best overview of the student to 24/7/365. Drawings or paintings, and students are critical issues in the master data file on the site a personal student of the school.

Topics include the design, form, composition, color theory, perspective, still life, landscape drawing and painting and drawing and painting the figure.

This school offersa "certificate of completion" and a CD with all the work that students put all the criticism by the teacher and suggestions for further growth as an artist until the end of the full cycle of art.

Learn to draw and paint - how and where to study for an artist

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E-Book to traditional textbooks in comparison

In these days of e-books are becoming increasingly popular among students, teachers and book lovers for the comfort and ease they have to offer. Textbooks are often more profitable traditional educational research, purchase read, store, and transport.

Textbooks

An e-book, in contrast to the traditional textbooks is the electron configuration, you can simply download and read on a computer monitor. But like a manual, you canis the index, numbered pages, graphics and images. Here are some benefits that e-book to the most traditional textbooks:
• You can buy an eBook instantly via the Internet, it will take a few minutes to download the book and you can start reading at any time. But in the case of textbooks, go to a library and looking for a specific book that you have in mind, you have to wait days or months until a copy of it.
• There is a certain frustration about the process of finding an e-book to make it in the comfort of your home association. All you have to do is the name of the book in a popular search engine to use. In contrast, classic books have tried to visit libraries in person.
• In these days, you will enjoy discounts at most e-book that can not be the case with conventional ones.
• If you have little room forE-book business that does not need a library.
• E-books are more portable than traditional textbooks can be up to £ 500 at a time when the memory on your laptop supports it. This is not to be the case with him.
• Many Ebooks are interactive, no animations, video and audio together to enjoy every bit "of reporting.
• Electronic books can be printed easily, if you want to read the page of the form. Often, alwaysa rare book printing is cheaper than buying a conventional one.
• You can set and change the font size to read an electronic book, you may not be the same with books in plain text.
• E-books are easily accessible and the information easily, without any side in turn called up, as in the case of a manual.
• E-books shipping costs, so they are convenient options for students.

With all these advantagesin connection with e-books, the popularity of traditional textbooks less and less. People today know the Internet and students so that teachers more often for reading electronic books instead of textbooks by the traditional comfort and convenience of the former has to offer.

Those who enjoy reading books can be used as part of their free time sitting at your computer hours and read books, do not need to time from theirIn selecting the books of their choice in the book market, you can relax.

E-Book to traditional textbooks in comparison

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